Quelle est la différence entre نعت et صفة / Difference between نعت and صفة
Quelle est la différence entre نعت et صفة / Difference between نعت and صفة
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
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Intro :
Linguistiquement
Le terme صِفَة est un infinitif, du type فِعْلَة , est signifiant "servant à décrire".
Le terme نَعْت est également un infinitif, du type فَعْل , signifiant "Adjoindre à un tout".
Grammaticalement
Une صفَة est un terme général dont le نَعْت fait partie.
Extrait de l'article :
الصِّفَة
Une صفة est un mot -ou propos- qui qualifie, par lui, le terme décrit (موصوف) ; il intervient comme une description parmi des descriptions, ou une circonstance parmi des circonstances. Une صفة n'est qu'un dérivé (مشتق), ou qui s'apparente comme tel.
Le nom de base est appelé مُوْصُوف et il est suivi, parmi des dérivés, par des noms d'outil (اسم الالة), des noms de lieu ou de temps. Ces dérivations (مشتقات) descriptives (صفات) seront :
- Un nom d'agent (اسم الفاعل), exemple : رأيت التلميذ الراكض
- Un terme assimilé à une description (الصفة المشبهة), exemple : سرني المنظر الجميل
- Un participe passif (اسم المفعول), exemple : أعطيت الجواب المعهود
- Un élatif ou superlatif (التفضيل), exemple : جاء أخوك الأكبر.
Voici les mots qui sont à la base descriptif (واصفة) -des "descripteurs" :
- Les pronoms démonstratifs* (اسم إشارة) excepté ceux de lieu, ex. : قرأت الكتاب هذا ;
- Les pronoms relatifs (اسم الموصول) commençant par l'article défini (ال), ex. : قرأت الكتاب الذي أفادني (c'est à dire "l'utile" المفيد) ;
- Les noms cardinaux (اسم العدد الأصلي ), adjectif en français, ex. : شاهدت التلاميذ خمسة ;
- Les noms ordinaux ( اسم العدد الترتيبي), ex. : درست الكتاب الخامس ;
- Les noms d'affiliation (الاسم المنسوب), ex. : درست الأدب الفارسي ;
- Les noms indiquant et assimilant une caractéristique, ex. : رأيت الرجل الأفعى
- La particule ذو (appelé ذو الصحابية), ex. : أنت رجل ذو مال (= il est riche) ;
- D'autres comme des infinitifs (مَصْدَر) à base 3 (الثلاثية), sans l'affixe م , qui l'empêcherait d'être une description particulière et partielle. Ils sont peu nombreux et peuvent se diviser en deux groupes : les mots au sens particulier (الإفراد) et ceux par convention (التذكير), ex. : أقوال حق، ورجال عدل، إخوان ثقة، هذه كذبة محض ;
- La particule ما celle qui apporte une imprécision sur ce dont on parle, ex. : لأمر ما جدع قصير أنفه ;
- Les particules أي et كل , ex. : أخوك رجل أي الرجل أوكل الرجل .
*Les pronoms démonstratifs dénotant un lieu sont considérés comme des ظَرْف (contexte de temps ou de lieu) et non des descriptions (صِفَة) car ils se rattachent à un mot élidé/omis (محذوف) lui-même صفة , ex. : لما قبله كتابي هنا (pour كائن هنا). Le terme كائن est le nom d'agent (اسم الفاعل) de l'infinitif كون.
النَّعْت
Le نَعْت est une صفة mais qui lui exprime l'intention d'expliquer en plus de décrire le terme décrit (مُوصُوف), ou ce qui le représente.
On a deux types de نَعْت :
- Le premier type de نعت est appelé un adjectif authentique (النعت الحقيقي), ex. : رأيت الحيوان الضخم ;
- le second est appelé un adjectif sur le principe (النعت السببي), ex. : رأيت الحيوان الضخم جسمه.
Ces deux types seront considérés comme un نَعْت partout où ils auront le sens d'une spécification (تَمْيِيز) pour le premier, et celui d'une circonstance particulière (حالة) pour le second.
Intro:
Linguistically
The term صِفَة is an infinitive, type فِعْلَة and its meaning : "tool to describe".
The term نَعْت is also an infinitive, type فَعْل , meaning "Adjoin to a whole."
A صفة is a general term which نعت belong to.
Translation of the article:
Grammatically
A صفة is a word (or words) that qualifies, through him, the term described (موصوف); it acts as a description from descriptions, or circumstance from circumstances. A صفة is a derivated or an assimilated derivated.
Among these descriptions, we can find: the tool names (اسم الالة), names of place or time; these descriptions will be derivated (from derivation).
Such descriptions will be:
A agent name (اسم الفاعل) example: رأيت التلميذ الراكض
A term regarded as a description (الصفة المشبهة) example: سرني المنظر الجميل
A passive participle (اسم المفعول) example: أعطيت الجواب المعهود
Elative or a superlative (التفضيل) example: جاء أخوك الأكبر
As for نعت : it is a صفة but expresses the intention to explain, in addition to describing, the term describes (موصوف), or what it represents.
We call the first type of نعت a genuine adjective (النعت الحقيقي), ex. : رأيت الحيوان الضخم ; the second is called a adjective on the principle (النعت السببي), ex. : رأيت الحيوان الضخم جسمه . Both types will be considered as نعت wherever they have the sense of Specification (تمييز) for the first, and that of a special circumstance (حالة) for the second.
Dernière édition par منصور le Lun 30 Juin - 22:51, édité 3 fois
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النعت أو الصفة
Lane's Lexicon :
1.نَعَتَ aor. ـِ inf. n. نَعْتٌ and انتعت ; He describe or characterized, or designated, (Ṣ, Ḳ,) a thing ; (Ṣ;) syn. وَصَفَ : (Ṣ, Ḳ:) or he described a thing by mentioning what was in it, or what it possessed ; whereas, in the وَصْف of a thing one may exaggerate : (L :)[he distinguished a person or a thing by an epithet : and hence, he qualified a substantive by an epithet : and he used a word as an epithet :] or he described a thing by mentioning what was in it that as good, or goodly ; not with reference to what was bad, or foul, or ugly ; unless by a straining of the meaning one say نَعْتٌ سَوْءٍ ; whereas وَصَفَ is said with respect to what is good, or goodly, and what is bad, or foul, or ugly: (IAth:) or نَعَتَ signifies he described by mentioning the make, or form, or other outward characteristic, as tallness and shortness; and وَصَفَ respects action, as beating: or, accord. To Th, نَعَبت signifies he described by mentioning something in some particular place in the body, such as lameness; whereas وَصَفَ is used with respect to what is common to the whole, as greatness, and generosity; therefore God is an object of وَصْف, but not of نَعْت. (TA.) — نَعَتَ نَفْسَهُ بِالْخَيْرِ [He described himself as possessing, or characterized by, or distinguished by, goodness.] (Mṣb.) — نَعُتَ , aor. ـُ , inf. n. نَعاتَةٌ , He (a man) was naturally endowed with powers of description, and skilful in the use of those powers. (TA.) — نَعُتَ aor. ـُ , inf. n. نَعَاتَةٌ , He (a horse) was, or became, what is termed نَعْتٌ , i.e., generous, or fleet, &c. (L, Ḳ.) — نَعَتَ (L,) or نَعِتَ , of the same measure as فَرِحَ , (Ḳ,) He (a horse) affected, or endeavoured, or constrained himself, to be, or become, what is termed نَعْتٌ , i.e., generous, or fleet, &c. (L, Ḳ.) MF remarks that نَعِتَ , in this sense, is strange, as فَعِلَ is not a measure denoting تَكَلُّف. (TA.)
4. أنْعَتَ His face became beautiful, or goodly, so that he was described (Ḳ) as characterized by beauty, (TA,) [or, so that he became distinguished by an epithet].
8. اِنْتَعَتَ He, or it, was, or became, described: (TA:) [he, or it, was, or became, distinguished by an epithet: he, or it, was, or became, characterized, or distinguished, by that which made him to excel others of his hind: see نَعْتٌ ]. See 1.
10. اِسْتَنعَتَ He asked him to describe him, or it. (T, Ḳ.)
نَعْتٌ An epithet; or that whereby a person or thing is described: [hence, an epithet whereby a substantive is qualified:] (TA:) pl. نُعُوتٌ: it has no other pl. than this. (ISd.) [Respecting distinctions said to exist between نَعْتٌ and صِفَةٌ, see 1.] [You say,] لَهُ نُعُوتٌ وَمَنَاعَتٌ جَمِيلَةٌ; [He has goodly epithets applied to him, and goodly qualities, or properties, which are causes, or occasions, of epithets]. (A.) — [كَنَعْتِ كَذَا , a phrase similar to كَمَثَلِ كَذَا, meaning Like such a thing. See an ex. voce سَبَّعَ.]
— نَعْتٌ Anything excellent. (TA.) — [Hence,] فَرَسٌ نَعْتٌ, and ↓ مُنْتَعِتٌ, and ↓ نَعْتَةٌ, [in the CḲ, نَعْتَت,] and ↓ نَعِيتٌ and ↓ نَعِيتَةٌ, A generous, or a fleet, or swift, horse, that excels in running, and outstrips others .( Ḳ.) [And so] ↓ مُنْتَعِتٌ A beast of carriage, or a man, characterised, or distinguished, by that which makes him to excel others of his kind: a horse described as distinguished by generousness, or by fleetness, or swiftness, and by outstripping others. (TA.)
عَبْدُكَ نُعَتَةٌ, or أَمَتُكَ نُعْتَةٌ, Thy male slave, orthy female slave, is of the highest quality. (Ḳ) But in the A it is said, عَنْدُكَ نَعْتٌ, and أَمَتُكَ نَعْتَةٌ (TA.)
نَعِيتٌ A generous, excellent, surpassing, man.(TA.) See also نَعْتٌ.
نَعِيتَةٌ : see نَعْتٌ.
نَاعِتٌ Describing; a describer: pl. نُعَّاتٌ. (TA.)
مَنْعُوتٌ [A person or thing described; distinguished by an epithet: and hence, a substantive qualified by an epithet]. — مَنْعُوتٌ بِالْكَرَمِ [Described as possessing, or characterized by, or distinguished by, generosity; distinguished by the epithet of generous]. (A.)
مُنْتَعِتٌ : see نَعْتٌ.
1.نَعَتَ aor. ـِ inf. n. نَعْتٌ and انتعت ; He describe or characterized, or designated, (Ṣ, Ḳ,) a thing ; (Ṣ;) syn. وَصَفَ : (Ṣ, Ḳ:) or he described a thing by mentioning what was in it, or what it possessed ; whereas, in the وَصْف of a thing one may exaggerate : (L :)[he distinguished a person or a thing by an epithet : and hence, he qualified a substantive by an epithet : and he used a word as an epithet :] or he described a thing by mentioning what was in it that as good, or goodly ; not with reference to what was bad, or foul, or ugly ; unless by a straining of the meaning one say نَعْتٌ سَوْءٍ ; whereas وَصَفَ is said with respect to what is good, or goodly, and what is bad, or foul, or ugly: (IAth:) or نَعَتَ signifies he described by mentioning the make, or form, or other outward characteristic, as tallness and shortness; and وَصَفَ respects action, as beating: or, accord. To Th, نَعَبت signifies he described by mentioning something in some particular place in the body, such as lameness; whereas وَصَفَ is used with respect to what is common to the whole, as greatness, and generosity; therefore God is an object of وَصْف, but not of نَعْت. (TA.) — نَعَتَ نَفْسَهُ بِالْخَيْرِ [He described himself as possessing, or characterized by, or distinguished by, goodness.] (Mṣb.) — نَعُتَ , aor. ـُ , inf. n. نَعاتَةٌ , He (a man) was naturally endowed with powers of description, and skilful in the use of those powers. (TA.) — نَعُتَ aor. ـُ , inf. n. نَعَاتَةٌ , He (a horse) was, or became, what is termed نَعْتٌ , i.e., generous, or fleet, &c. (L, Ḳ.) — نَعَتَ (L,) or نَعِتَ , of the same measure as فَرِحَ , (Ḳ,) He (a horse) affected, or endeavoured, or constrained himself, to be, or become, what is termed نَعْتٌ , i.e., generous, or fleet, &c. (L, Ḳ.) MF remarks that نَعِتَ , in this sense, is strange, as فَعِلَ is not a measure denoting تَكَلُّف. (TA.)
4. أنْعَتَ His face became beautiful, or goodly, so that he was described (Ḳ) as characterized by beauty, (TA,) [or, so that he became distinguished by an epithet].
8. اِنْتَعَتَ He, or it, was, or became, described: (TA:) [he, or it, was, or became, distinguished by an epithet: he, or it, was, or became, characterized, or distinguished, by that which made him to excel others of his hind: see نَعْتٌ ]. See 1.
10. اِسْتَنعَتَ He asked him to describe him, or it. (T, Ḳ.)
نَعْتٌ An epithet; or that whereby a person or thing is described: [hence, an epithet whereby a substantive is qualified:] (TA:) pl. نُعُوتٌ: it has no other pl. than this. (ISd.) [Respecting distinctions said to exist between نَعْتٌ and صِفَةٌ, see 1.] [You say,] لَهُ نُعُوتٌ وَمَنَاعَتٌ جَمِيلَةٌ; [He has goodly epithets applied to him, and goodly qualities, or properties, which are causes, or occasions, of epithets]. (A.) — [كَنَعْتِ كَذَا , a phrase similar to كَمَثَلِ كَذَا, meaning Like such a thing. See an ex. voce سَبَّعَ.]
— نَعْتٌ Anything excellent. (TA.) — [Hence,] فَرَسٌ نَعْتٌ, and ↓ مُنْتَعِتٌ, and ↓ نَعْتَةٌ, [in the CḲ, نَعْتَت,] and ↓ نَعِيتٌ and ↓ نَعِيتَةٌ, A generous, or a fleet, or swift, horse, that excels in running, and outstrips others .( Ḳ.) [And so] ↓ مُنْتَعِتٌ A beast of carriage, or a man, characterised, or distinguished, by that which makes him to excel others of his kind: a horse described as distinguished by generousness, or by fleetness, or swiftness, and by outstripping others. (TA.)
عَبْدُكَ نُعَتَةٌ, or أَمَتُكَ نُعْتَةٌ, Thy male slave, orthy female slave, is of the highest quality. (Ḳ) But in the A it is said, عَنْدُكَ نَعْتٌ, and أَمَتُكَ نَعْتَةٌ (TA.)
نَعِيتٌ A generous, excellent, surpassing, man.(TA.) See also نَعْتٌ.
نَعِيتَةٌ : see نَعْتٌ.
نَاعِتٌ Describing; a describer: pl. نُعَّاتٌ. (TA.)
مَنْعُوتٌ [A person or thing described; distinguished by an epithet: and hence, a substantive qualified by an epithet]. — مَنْعُوتٌ بِالْكَرَمِ [Described as possessing, or characterized by, or distinguished by, generosity; distinguished by the epithet of generous]. (A.)
مُنْتَعِتٌ : see نَعْتٌ.
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Re: Quelle est la différence entre نعت et صفة / Difference between نعت and صفة
Lane's Lexicon :
1. وَصُفَ He attained to the proper age for service. (Ḳ.) See an ex. in the Ḳ, voce مُخَلَّدُونَ.
4. أَوْصَفَ and ↓ اِسْتَوْصَفَ He (a boy) became of full stature, and fit for service. (Mgh.)
8. اِتَّصَفَ بِالعِلْمِ [He was, or became, characterized, or he characterized himself, by knowledge, or science] (Mṣb in art. أَهْلٌ).
10. : see 4.
صِفَةٌ A quality; an attribute; a property; or a description, as meaning the aggregate of the qualities or attributes or properties of a thing; or the state, condition, or case, of a thing. So explained voce صِنْفٌ, and voce صُورَةٌ. See its syn. حَالٌ.
— صِفَةٌ in grammar, The same as نَعْتٌ, An epithet. (Ḳ)
— A word denoting an attribute (مَعْنىً) and a substance (ذَات). Under this term are comprised the اسم فاعل, the اسم مفعول, the ضفة مشبّهة, and the افعل التفضيل. (I'Aḳ, sect. صِفَةٌ المشبّهة باسم الفاعل).
— صِفَةٌ مُشَبَّهَةٌ [A simple epithet]; an epithet resembling an اسم فاعل.
— صِفَةٌ غَالِبَةٌ An epithet in which the substantive character predominates.
— صِفَةٌ, as a general term for an attributive word, is also applied by Lth and other old writers to An adverbial n. of place or time, and to a preposition. It is so applied in the L and TA, art. عنل, &c. It was applied to the former by Fr, (T, voce ظَرْفٌ,) and to the latter also. (L, TA, ubi supra.)
بَيْعُ المُوَاصَفَةِ: see 3 in art. روض.
1. وَصُفَ He attained to the proper age for service. (Ḳ.) See an ex. in the Ḳ, voce مُخَلَّدُونَ.
4. أَوْصَفَ and ↓ اِسْتَوْصَفَ He (a boy) became of full stature, and fit for service. (Mgh.)
8. اِتَّصَفَ بِالعِلْمِ [He was, or became, characterized, or he characterized himself, by knowledge, or science] (Mṣb in art. أَهْلٌ).
10. : see 4.
صِفَةٌ A quality; an attribute; a property; or a description, as meaning the aggregate of the qualities or attributes or properties of a thing; or the state, condition, or case, of a thing. So explained voce صِنْفٌ, and voce صُورَةٌ. See its syn. حَالٌ.
— صِفَةٌ in grammar, The same as نَعْتٌ, An epithet. (Ḳ)
— A word denoting an attribute (مَعْنىً) and a substance (ذَات). Under this term are comprised the اسم فاعل, the اسم مفعول, the ضفة مشبّهة, and the افعل التفضيل. (I'Aḳ, sect. صِفَةٌ المشبّهة باسم الفاعل).
— صِفَةٌ مُشَبَّهَةٌ [A simple epithet]; an epithet resembling an اسم فاعل.
— صِفَةٌ غَالِبَةٌ An epithet in which the substantive character predominates.
— صِفَةٌ, as a general term for an attributive word, is also applied by Lth and other old writers to An adverbial n. of place or time, and to a preposition. It is so applied in the L and TA, art. عنل, &c. It was applied to the former by Fr, (T, voce ظَرْفٌ,) and to the latter also. (L, TA, ubi supra.)
بَيْعُ المُوَاصَفَةِ: see 3 in art. روض.
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Re: Quelle est la différence entre نعت et صفة / Difference between نعت and صفة
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
Voilà une synthèse, linguistique, d'après les définitions ci-haut, à propos de cette différence entre le sens de نعت et celui de صفة :
الوصف est l'infinitif pour parler à l'origine des caractéristiques concrètes d'un être ou objet (taille, volume, etc.). Nous avons l'étymon صف qui signifie "ligne" ou "trait", que l'on retrouve dans صرف (forme = assemblage de traits).
Par extension, ce terme a été appliqué à tout type de descriptions (casuelles -حال- ou physiques). Encore par extension, ce terme a été classé en grammaire comme Fonction d'un élément dans une phrase, et encore par extension, tout ce qui décrit un être ou objet, dont les نعت. Tous les savants sont unanimes pour dire que la Fonction صفة réunit le صفة (descriptif) et le نعت (qualification).
النَّعْت est employé à l'origine pour parler d'un être ou objet et l'honorer par des qualificatifs. Ce terme marque une intention ainsi qu'une estimation, processus intellectuel.
La différence linguistique dans l'absolu est que le 1er (صِفَة) est une représentation par elle-même d'un être ou chose (caractéristiques propres), et le second (نَعْت) est une représentation faite par un tiers sur un être ou une chose (caractéristiques attribuées).
Ou autrement dit, le 1er type de qualifiant est une représentation objective, et le second type de qualifiant une représentation subjective.
والله أعلم
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Re: Quelle est la différence entre نعت et صفة / Difference between نعت and صفة
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
Nous avons ici de quoi comparer les grammaires arabe et française, et les traductions les plus appropriées possibles إن شاء الله :
La صفة et le نعت peuvent se présenter sous la forme d'un mot isolé ou d'une proposition.
La proposition Relative
Le site : ici.
Seul le cas des relatives avec antécédent nous intéresse ici.
1. La Relative déterminative. Elle vient en extension du nom pour donner des caractéristiques de celui-ci. Elle s'apparente à la صفة car elle aide à poser le décor tel qu'il est, objectivement.
2. La Relative Explicative. Elle aussi en extension du nom, vient pour donner un avis, une estimation, comme une explication, justification subjective. Elle s'apparente à un نعت. Ex. : Tu devrais changer les pneus de ta voiture, qui me paraissent bien usés. = Tu devrais changer les pneus de ta voiture, parce que je pense qu'il sont bien usés. Paraître indique une impression qu'a l'agent, comme le fait le نعت.
3. La Relative Attributive. Toujours extension du nom, elle vient soit en tant que صفة (J'ai les cheveux qui grisonnent), soit نعت (Il n'y a que toi qui mérites de réussir.) soit حال (Je la vis qui s'approchait ; Ils sont là qui attendent.).
Il est difficile de partager l'avis du site sur ce point :
Les soldats qui étaient fatigués se sont mal battus. -seulement ceux qui étaient fatigués- / vs / Les soldats, qui étaient fatigués, se sont mal battus -tous les soldats-.
Dans le deuxième cas, ce n'est plus une Déterminative, mais une Circonstancielle (...alors qu'ils étaient fatigués...), qui serait un حال en arabe, et non une صفة. L'apposition, avec ses virgules, élide la conjonction "alors que".
Les arabophones doivent bien prendre en compte le poids important qu'à la virgule en français ; le sens change complétement dans les deux phrases ci-haut. En arabe, la virgule se manifeste par le ف ou و tout deux ayant un sens différent dans certains cas, ou conjoint dans d'autres, comme le fait la virgule française.
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